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Gentoo penguin
The long-tailed gentoo penguin ( ) (''Pygoscelis papua'') is a penguin species in the genus ''Pygoscelis'', most closely associated with the Adélie penguin (''P. adeliae'') and the chinstrap penguin (''P. antarcticus''). The first scientific description was made in 1781 by Johann Reinhold Forster with a reference point of the Falkland Islands. They call in a variety of ways, but the most frequently heard is a loud trumpeting which is emitted with its head thrown back.〔Woods, R.W. (1975) Birds of the Falkland Islands, Antony Nelson, Shropshire, UK.〕
The application of ''gentoo'' to the penguin is unclear. The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' notes that gentoo used to be an Anglo-Indian term used as early as 1638 to distinguish Hindus in India from Muslims. The English term may have originated from the Portuguese ''gentio'' (compare "gentile").
==Taxonomy==
The gentoo penguin is one of three species in the genus ''Pygoscelis''. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA evidence suggests the genus split from other penguins around 38 million years ago, about 2 million years after the ancestors of the genus ''Aptenodytes''. In turn, the Adelie penguins split off from the other members of the genus around 19 million years ago, and the chinstrap and gentoo finally diverging around 14 million years ago.
Two subspecies of this penguin are recognised: ''Pygoscelis papua papua'' and the smaller ''Pygoscelis papua ellsworthii''.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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